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Some elements of the present Mahabharata can be traced back to Vedic times.

Research on the Mahabharata has put an enormous effort into recognizing and dating layers within the text.

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Hermann Oldenberg supposed that the original poem must once have carried an immense 'tragic force' but dismissed the full text as a 'horrible chaos.' Moritz Winternitz ( Geschichte der indischen Literatur 1909) considered that 'only unpoetical theologists and clumsy scribes' could have lumped the parts of disparate origin into an unordered whole. The text has been described by some early 20th-century western Indologists as unstructured and chaotic.

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The story is then recited again by a professional storyteller named Ugrasrava Sauti, many years later, to an assemblage of sages performing the 12-year sacrifice for the king Saunaka Kulapati in the Naimisha Forest.

It is recited by the sage Vaisampayana, a disciple of Vyasa, to the King Janamejaya who is the great-grandson of the Pandava prince Arjuna. The epic employs the story within a story structure, otherwise known as frametales, popular in many Indian religious and non-religious works. Vyasa agrees on condition that Ganesha takes the time to understand what was said before writing it down. Ganesha is said to have agreed to write it only if Vyasa never paused in his recitation. The first section of the Mahabharata states that it was Ganesha who wrote down the text to Vyasa's dictation. He also describes the Guru-shishya parampara, which traces all great teachers and their students of the Vedic times. Vyasa described it as being itihāsa (history). The epic is traditionally ascribed to the sage Vyasa, who is also a major character in the epic.

Modern depiction of Vyasa narrating the Mahabharata to Ganesha at the Murudeshwara temple, Karnataka. Johnson has compared the importance of the Mahabharata in the context of world civilization to that of the Bible, the works of Shakespeare, the works of Homer, Greek drama, or the Qur'an. About 1.8 million words in total, the Mahabharata is roughly ten times the length of the Iliad and the Odyssey combined, or about four times the length of the Ramayana. Its longest version consists of over 100,000 shloka or over 200,000 individual verse lines (each shloka is a couplet), and long prose passages. The Mahabharata is the longest known epic poem and has been described as 'the longest poem ever written'. According to the Mahabharata itself, the tale is extended from a shorter version of 24,000 verses called simply Bhārata. The title may be translated as 'the great tale of the Bhārata dynasty'. The text probably reached its final form by the early Gupta period (c.

The oldest preserved parts of the text are thought to be not much older than around 400 BC, though the origins of the epic probably fall between the 8th and 9th centuries BC. There have been many attempts to unravel its historical growth and compositional layers. Traditionally, the authorship of the Mahabharata is attributed to Vyasa. Among the principal works and stories in the Mahabharata are the Bhagavad Gita, the story of Damayanti, an abbreviated version of the Ramayana, and the Rishyasringa, often considered as works in their own right. It also contains philosophical and devotional material, such as a discussion of the four 'goals of life' or purusharthas (12.161). The Mahabharata is an epic narrative of the Kurukshetra War and the fates of the Kaurava and the Pandava princes. The Mahabharata or Mahābhārata (US / m ə h ɑː ˈ b ɑːr ə t ə/ UK / ˌ m ɑː h ə ˈ b ɑːr ə t ə/ Sanskrit: महाभारतम्, Mahābhāratam, pronounced ) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the Ramayana.

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